More than 400 academics and intellectuals from around the world have released a statement opposing the police action against JNU students and the arrest of Kanhaiya Kumar, president of the JNU Students Union, who has been arrested on the charge of sedition.JNU students protest the police action against JNUSU president Kanhaiya Kumar. Credit: Shome BasuWe, the undersigned, stand in solidarity with the students, faculty and staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi against the illegal ongoing police action since February 9, 2016. With them, we affirm the autonomy of the university as a non-militarized space for freedom of thought and expression. Accordingly, we condemn police presence on campus and the harassment of students on the basis of their political beliefs.The charge of sedition, under the guise of which the police have been given a carte blanche to enter the JNU campus, to raid student hostels, arrest and detain students, including Kanhaiya Kumar, the current president of the JNU Students Union, is an alibi for the incursion of an authoritarian regime onto the university campus. Under Indian law sedition applies only to words and actions that directly issue a call to violence. The peaceful demonstration and gathering of citizens does not constitute criminal conduct. The police action on JNU campus is illegal under the constitution of India.An open, tolerant, and democratic society is inextricably linked to critical thought and expression cultivated by universities in India and abroad. As teachers, students, and scholars across the world, we are watching with extreme concern the situation unfolding at JNU and refuse to remain silent as our colleagues (students, staff, and faculty) resist the illegal detention and autocratic suspension of students. We urge the Vice Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University to protect members of the university community and safeguard their rights.Asma Abbas, Bard College at Simon’s RockSyed Shahid Abbas, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, U.K.Gilbert Achcar, SOAS, University of LondonKatie Addleman, University of TorontoBarun Adhikary, JNUAniket Aga, Yale UniversityAshish Aggarwal, (JNU 2012)Aftab Ahmad, (JNU 2000), Columbia UniversityAijaz Ahmad, University of California, IrvineMeena Alexander, City University of New YorkNosheen Ali, Habib UniversityTariq Omar Ali, University of Illinois, Urbana ChampaignLiyanage Amarakeerthi, University of Peradeniya, Sri LankaHarini Amarasuriya, Open University of Sri LankaEyal Amiran, UC Irvine, California, USADibyesh Anand, University of WestminsterSundari Anitha, (JNU 1996), University of Lincoln Brayford PoolPonni Arasu, (JNU 2005), University of TorontoJayadev Athreya, University of WashingtonAnjali Arondekar, University of California, Santa CruzSaurabh Arora, University of SussexEdward Anderson, (JNU 2009), Cambridge UniversityAbdul Kalam Azad, TISS-UNICEFEdward Bacal, University of TorontoNandita Badami, (JNU 2011), University of California IrvineShiladitya Banerjee, University of ChicagoAmit R. Baishya, (JNU 2003), University of OklahomaAnirban Baishya, (JNU 2013), University of Southern CaliforniaAparna Balachandran, (JNU 2000), University of DelhiSai Balakrishnan, Harvard UniversityIan Balfour, York UniversityJairus Banaji, (JNU 1975) SOAS, LondonMurad Banaji, University of MiddlesexSandeep Banerjee, McGill UniversitySreenanti Banerjee, Birkbeck, University of LondonAnustup Basu, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignArani Basu, (JNU 2015), Humboldt UniversityAnanyo “Tito” Basu, American Cooperative School of TunisPriyanka Basu, (JNU 2011), SOAS, LondonSrimati Basu, University of KentuckySubho Basu, (JNU 1988), McGill UniversityLalit Batra, University of MinnesotaDaniel Bender, University of TorontoAnkur Betageri, IIT-DelhiMadhav Badami, McGill UniversitySukanya Banerjee, University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeHomi Bhabha, Harvard UniversityGurminder K Bhambra, University of Warwick/Linnaeus UniversityBrenna Bhandar, SOAS, University of LondonV. Bhaskar, (JNU 1981, JNUSU President 1981), University of Texas at AustinUdit Bhatia, Oxford UniversityVaruni Bhatia, (JNU), University of Michigan Ann ArborEnakshi Bhattacharya, IIT-MadrasGargi Bhattacharyya, University of East LondonNandini Bhattacharya, (JNU 2005), University of DundeeRitwik Bhattacharyya, Princeton UniversityShreya Bhattacherjee, (JNU 2010), University of California, RiversideSoumyadip Bandyopadhyaya, IIT-KharagpurAkeel Bilgrami, Columbia UniversityDebanjali Biswas, (JNU 2011), King’s College LondonNabaneeta Biswas, University of GeorgiaSomak Biswas, (JNU 2015), University of WarwickAmiel Bize, Columbia UniversityManuela Boatcă, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAnannya Bohidar, (JNU 2014), University of PennsylvaniaJenisha Borah, (JNU 2013)David Boyk, University of California, BerkeleyAndrea Brock, University of SussexWendy Brown, University of California, BerkeleyKriti Budhiraja, (JNU 2014), University of Minnesota Twin CitiesAllison Busch, Columbia UniversityJudith Butler, University of California, BerkeleyErica Burman, University of ManchesterUtathya C., (JNU 2011), University of IllinoisLinda Carty, Syracuse UniversityRadhika Chadha, (JNU 2005), Delhi UniversityPavel Chakraborty, (JNU 2003), Oxford UniversityPratik Chakrabarti, (JNU 2000), University of ManchesterDipesh Chakrabarty, University of ChicagoPriyanka Chakraborty, Southern Methodist UniversityPaula Chakravartty, NYUAditi Chandra, University of CaliforniaAnanya Chatterjea, University of MinnesotaAnindita Chatterjee, University of MinnesotaAnomitro Chatterjee, (JNU 2010), Georgia State UniversitChandrayee Chatterjee, (JNU 2012), Georgia State University.Partha Chatterjee, Columbia UniversityPiya Chatterjee, Scripps CollegeSreya Chatterjee, (JNU 2004)Sumita Dutt Chatterjee, (JNU 1989), University of MiamiSameer Chaturvedi, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityAntara Ray Chaudhury, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityDivya Cherian, (JNU 2008), Rutgers UniversityVanessa Chishti, (JNU 2015)Meghna Chaudhuri, (JNU 2012), New York UniversityFrancis Cody, University of TorontoDia Da Costa, University of AlbertaBedatri Datta Choudhury, (JNU 2012), New York UniversityMrinalini Chakravorty, University of Virginia.Lawrence Cohen, University of California, BerkeleyAditi Surie von Czechowski, Columbia UniversityKatyayani Dalmia, (JNU 2008), New SchoolDeepra Dandekar, University of Heidelberg, GermanyChandler Davis, University of TorontoDharashree Das, (JNU 2005), Simon Fraser UniversityManishita Dass, Royal Holloway, University of LondonSangeeta Das, (JNU 2007), Jawaharlal Nehru UniversitySatadru Das, (JNU 2008), Louisiana State University, Baton RougeAnanya Dasgupta, (JNU 2003), Case Western Reserve UniversityRohit K Dasgupta, University of SouthamptonSandipto Dasgupta, King’s College, LondonSejuti Dasgupta, (JNU 2010), Michigan State UniversityNatalie Zemon Davis, University of TorontoAnuradha De, (JNU 1992), CORDRohit De, Yale UniversitySiddhartha Deb, Writer, The New SchoolSanchia deSouza, University of TorontoFederico Demaria, ICTA UAB, Barcelona, SpainKarishma Desai, Teachers College, Columbia UniversityJigna Desai, University of MinnesotaMeenu Deswal, (JNU 2014), University of Michigan-Ann ArborGarima Dhabai, (JNU 2015), Yale UniversityMeena Dhanda, University of WolverhamptonNeha Dhole, (JNU 2010), University of PittsburghRohan D’Souza, (JNU 1998), Kyoto UniversityDebjani Dutta, (JNU 2012), University of Southern CaliforniaDevika Dutt, (2014), University of Massachusetts, AmherstTimothy S. Dobe, Grinnell CollegeJ Daniel Elam, University of Wisconsin-MadisonKanishka Elupula, (JNU 2008), Harvard UniversitySara Feldman, University of IllinoisPeter Fitting, University of TorontoBashabi Fraser, Edinburgh Napier UniversityKathleen Frederickson, University of California, DavisElaine Freedgood, New York UniversityLina M Fruzzetti, Brown UniversityRichard Fung, OCAD UniversityDebjani Ganguly, University of VirginiaKeya Ganguly, University of MinnesotaTejaswini Ganti, NYUFaisal Garba, University of Cape TownGaurav C. Garg,(JNU 2013), New York UniversityDavid Gellner, Oxford UniversityRobert M Geraci, Manhattan CollegeRoos Gerritsen, Heidelberg University & IIT MadrasMaitreesh Ghatak, London School of EconomicsBishnupriya Ghosh, University of California, Santa BarbaraArunabh Ghosh, Harvard UniversityVinay Gidwani, University of MinnesotaNatasha Ginwala, (JNU 2010), curatorTula Goenka, Syracuse UniversityDishanka Gogoi, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityHugo Gorringe, University of EdinburghManu Goswami, New York UniversityAnup Grewal, University of TorontoAnn Grodzins Gold, Syracuse UniversityPriyamvada Gopal, (JNU 1991), University of CambridgeMahesh Gopalan, (JNU 2012), St. Stephen’s College, New DelhiRatna Goradia, (JNU 2008), New York PostYogita Goyal, University of California Los AngelesRadhika Govindrajan, (JNU 2006), University of WashingtonIsabelle Guérin, Centre d’études en Sciences Sociales Sur Les Mondes Américains Africains et AsiatiquesAkhil Gupta, University of California, Los AngelesAnoushka Gupta (JNU 2008), York UniversityBishnupriya Gupta, (JNU 1983), University of WarwickBipasha Guptaroy, (JNU 1984), University of Michigan, Ann ArborShubhra Gururani, York University, CanadaJaswant Guzder, McGill UniversityAlexis Halkovic (JNU 1996), The Graduate Center, City University of New YorkThomas Blom Hansen, Stanford UniversityAnusha Hariharan, (JNU 2011), University of North Carolina at Chapel HillMartin Harries, University of California, IrvineBarbara Harriss-White, Oxford UniversityAnneeth Kaur Hundle, University of California, MercedPhil Hutchinson, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityAashique Ahmed Iqbal, (JNU 2011), University of OxfordFeyzi Ismail, SOAS, University of LondonBharati Jagannatha, (JNU PhD 2010), Miranda HouseSarandha Jain, (JNU 2015)Bhawana Jaiswal, (JNU 2015)Sudeep Kumar Jaiswal, (JNU 2015), East China Normal University (ECNU)Chinnaiah Jangam, (JNU 1998), Carleton CollegePranav Jani, Ohio State UniversityNicolas Jaoul, EHESS/CNRS, FranceArjun Jayadev, University of Massachusetts, BostonRajshri Jayaraman, ESMT BerlinKetaki Jaywant, (JNU, 2008), University of MinnesotaPatricia Jeffery, University of the EdinburghAnderson Jeremiah, Lancaster UniversityShikha Jhingan, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityBhoomika Joshi, (JNU 2009), Yale UniversityMeghana Joshi, Rutgers UniversityAbhishek Kaicker, University of California, BerkeleyVidya Kalaramadam, William Paterson University of New JerseyVirinder S Kalra, University of ManchesterSangeeta Kamat, University of Massachusetts at AmherstLipika Kamra, (JNU 2010), University of OxfordAparna Kapadia, (JNU 2005), Williams CollegeCaren Kaplan, University of California, DavisIlan Kapoor, York UniversityAnupama Kapse, Queens College, CUNYJyotsna Kapur, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleRadha Kapuria, (JNU 2013), King’s College LondonSumayya Kassamalli, Columbia UniversityMalavika Kasturi, (JNU 1988-1992), University of TorontoSuvir Kaul, University of PennsylvaniaRavinder Kaur, (JNU 1996, JNUSU General Secretary 1994-1995), University of CopenhagenSudipta Kaviraj, Columbia UniversityPrashant Keshavmurthy, (JNU 1998), McGill UniversityPrashant Kidambi, (JNU 1994), University of LeicesterWiebke Keim, CNRS/University of StrasbourgDipti Khera, New York UniversityJocelyn Killmer, Syracuse UniversityMakiko Kimura, (JNU 2004), Tsuda College, TokyoPasha M. Khan, McGill UniversityAshok Kotwal, University of British ColumbiaAshish Koul, (JNU 2006), Vanderbilt UniversityMonomita Roy Krishna, (JNU 1982), University of HawaiiSankaran Krishna, (JNU 1982), University of Hawaii at ManoaJesse Ross Knutson, University of Hawai’i at MānoaAbdul Kuddus, (JNU 2005), Learning Solutions ConsultantSikandar Kumar, University of Michigan, Ann ArborLeena Kumarappan, London Metropolitan UniversityCJ Kuncheria, (JNU 2015), Yale UniversityRishabh Kumar, (JNU 2008), The New School, New YorkSahil Kureshi, (JNU 2013), Oxford UniversityVinay Lal, University of California Los AngelesMahmood Kooria, (JNU 2012), Leiden University, the NetherlandsPremesh Lalu, University of the Western CapeJoel Lee, Williams CollegeJens Lerche, SOAS, University of LondonDarryl Li, Yale Law SchoolDavid Palumbo-Liu, Stanford UniversityMadhura Lohokare, (JNU 2003), Syracuse UniversityMunira Lokhandwala, University of California, BerkeleyJinee Lokaneeta, Drew UniversityAnia Loomba, University of PennsylvaniaRitty Lukose, New York UniversitySumi Madhok, (JNU 1997), London School of Economics and Political Science, UKAparna Mahariya, (JNU 2015), University of ExeterKama Maclean, UNSW AustraliaRochona Majumdar, University of ChicagoMeghana Marathe, University of Michigan, Ann ArborSanjeev Routray, (JNU 2003), University of British ColumbiaSudhir Mahadevan, University of Washington, SeattleBakirathi Mani, (JNU 1997) Swarthmore CollegeSwati Mantri, IIT DelhiRohan Dominic Mathews, (JNU 2015)Surbhi Mahajan, (JNU 2008), Development ResearcherAakshi Magazine, (JNU 2011), University of St Andrews, UKTapasi Mathur, (JNU 2008), University of MichiganLyla Mehta, Institute of Development Studies, UKNora Melnikova, Charles University, PragueDilip Menon, University of WitwatersrandGayatri A. Menon, Azim Premji University, BengaluruMinakshi Menon, (JNU 1985), Max Planck Institute for the History of ScienceNikhil Menon, (JNU 2011), Princeton UniversityThomas Metcalf, University of California, BerkeleyAlessandra Mezzadri, SOAS, LondonSumeet Mhaskar, University of GöttingenDarshana Mini, University of Southern CaliforniaGeeta Mishra, IIT DelhiSangay Mishra, Drew UniversitySaurabh Mishra, (JNU 2004), University of SheffieldShaivya Mishra, (JNU 2013), University of California BerkeleyMayank Misra, Princeton UniversityTimothy Mitchell, Columbia UniversityKirtimaan Mohan, (JNU 2009), Michigan State University, East LansingTaneesha Devi Mohan, (JNU 2010), London School of EconomicsChandra Talpade Mohanty, Syracuse UniversityPadmini Mongia, (JNU Visiting Faculty 2008-2010), Franklin & Marshall CollegeRadhika Mongia, York University, TorontoNayanika Mookherjee, (JNU 1996), Durham University, UKRosalind C. Morris, Columbia UniversityDebashree Mukherjee, (JNU 2009), Columbia UniversityIshan Mukherjee, (JNU 2011), Trinity College, University of CambridgeSanjukta Mukherjee, (JNU), DePaul UniversityShagata Mukherjee, Georgia State UniversityShruti Mukherjee, (JNU 2013), SUNY Stony BrookSinjini Mukherjee, (JNU 2008), Heidelberg UniversityUpamanyu Pablo Mukherjee, Warwick UniversityUponita Mukherjee, (JNU 2014), Columbia UniversityMaroona Murmu, Jadavpur UniversityHema A Murthy, IIT MadrasSharun W. Mukand, Warwick UniversityDulali Nag, Indian Institute for Social Welfare and Business ManagementRicha Nagar, University of Minnesota, Twin CitiesKartik Nair, (JNU 2010), New York UniversityRahul Nair, (JNU 1998), Antioch CollegeVijayanka Nair, New York UniversitySiddharth Narrain, Lawyer and Legal ResearcherPoonam Natarajan, (JNU 1976), CSRD/SSSAnjali Nath, American University of BeirutVasuki Nesiah, The Gallatin School, NYUEleanor Newbigin, SOAS, University of LondonAnirban Nigam, (JNU 2014), University of California IrvineMadhurima Nundy, Institute of Chinese StudiesDaniel O’Connor, University of EdinburgFrancesca Orsini, SOAS LondonGoldie Osuri, University of WarwickPoornima Paidipathy, (JNU 2000), Cambridge UniversityShailaja Paik, University of CincinnatiPoulomi Pal, (JNU 2010), Amherst CollegeRavi Arvind Palat, SUNY BinghamtonAnkita Pandey, (JNU 2008), University of OxfordIshita Pande, (JNU 1999), Queen’s UniversityAnkita Pandey, (JNU 2008), University of OxfordKhaliq Parkar, (JNU 2015), Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts, PuneIan Parker, University of LeicesterJonathan Parry, London School of Economics and Political SciencePrachi Patankar, South Asia Solidarity InitiativeAnuranjan Pegu, (JNU 2005), New YorkMario da Penha, Rutgers UniversitySonali Perera, Hunter College of the City University New YorkLakshmi Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityJessy Phillip, (JNU 2015), TISSKavita Philip, University of California, IrvineChris Pinney, University College LondonSheldon Pollock, Columbia UniversityGyan Prakash, (JNU 1975), Princeton UniversityAshok Prasad, Colorado State UniversityDavid Prochaska, University of IllinoisNavtej K. Purewal, SOAS University of LondonTeja Varma Pusapati, University of OxfordAsgar Qadri, George Washington UniversityNayma Qayum, Manhattanville CollegeR. Radhakrishnan, University of California IrvinePallavi Raghavan, Centre for Policy Research, New DelhiRaisur Rahman, (JNU 2000) Wake Forest UniversityAmit S. Rai, Queen Mary, University of LondonShirin Rai, University of WarwickArvind Rajagopal, New York UniversityDalpat Rajpurohit, (JNU 2008), Columbia UniversitySuvrat Raju, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, BangaloreHarsha Ram, University of California, BerkeleyBhavani Raman, (JNU 1999), University of TorontoLucinda Ramberg, Cornell UniversityM.V. Ramana, Princeton UniversityNamita Ranganathan, (JNU 1988), Delhi UniversityBhargav Rani, (JNU 2014), City University of New YorkBarbara Ransby, University of Illinois at ChicagoAnupama Rao, Barnard College, Columbia UniversityMeghana Rao, University of TorontoRahul Rao, SOAS, University of LondonShruti Rao, (JNU 2011), University of British ColumbiaHarshit Rathi, University of Minnesota, Twin CitiesDebraj Ray, NYURaka Ray, University of California, BerkeleyReeju Ray, (JNU 2007), University of Western OntarioSangeeta Ray, University of MarylandBoike Rehbein, Humboldt University BerlinAllen F. Roberts, University of California, Los AngelesE. Natalie Rothman, University of TorontoSoumyadip Roy, (JNU 2009), Iowa State UniversitySrila Roy, University of WitwatersrandSrirupa Roy, University of GoettingenSrabani Roychoudhury, (JNU 1992), Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityKanchana N. Ruwanpura, University of EdinburghPoulomi Saha, University of California, BerkeleySangita Saha, (JNU 2011), University of Michigan, Ann ArborArun Saldanha, University of MinnesotaAditi Saraf, Johns Hopkins UniversityAprajita Sarcar, (JNU 2013), Queen’s University OntarioAditya Sarkar, (JNU 2005), Warwick UniversityParnisha Sarkar, (JNU 2015), University of TorontoAndrew Sartori, New York UniversityAkshya Saxena, (JNU 2008), University of MinnesotaDwaipayan Sen, Amherst CollegeMoumita Sen, (JNU 2009), University of OsloRuchira Sen, (JNU 2012), University of Missouri-Kansas CityAviroop Sengupta, (JNU 2014), Columbia UniversityUditi Sen, (JNU 2004), Hampshire CollegeSanjay Seth, Goldsmiths, University of LondonAradhana Anu Sharma, Wesleyan UniversityPartha Pratim Shil, (JNU 2008) Trinity College, CambridgeArushi Singh, (JNU 2014), University of California, Los AngelesBhrigupati Singh, Brown UniversityPrerna Singh, Brown UniversityAarti Sethi, (JNU 2009), Columbia UniversityAlpa Shah, London School of Economics and Political ScienceChayanika Shah, TISS MumbaiSvati Shah, University of Massachusetts/JNUQaiser Shamim, (JNU 1981)Jayeeta Sharma, University of TorontoNitin Sharma, Purdue UniversityShalini Sharma, (JNU 1996), Keele UniversityAjay Skaria, University of MinnesotaSamira Sheikh, (JNU 1994), Vanderbilt UniversityBenjamin Seigel, (Visiting Professor JNU 2007-8), Boston UniversityMarc Siegel, Goethe University, FrankfurtPritam Singh, (JNU 1976, Student Councillor JNU-SSS 1973), Oxford Brookes UniversityManjira Sinha, Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurSubir Sinha, SOAS University of LondonSuvadip Sinha, University of Minnesota, Twin CitiesTanvi Sirari, (JNU 2012), University of British ColumbiaAri Sitas, University of Cape TownRuhi Sonal, (JNU 2012), IIT DelhiJonathan Spencer, University of EdinburghAlex Steele, University of MinnesotaRachel Sturman, Bowdoin CollegeAbha Sur, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyGayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Columbia UniversityKannan Srinivasan, Wertheim Study New York Public LibraryRavindran Sriramachandran, Ashoka UniversityTanvi Sirari, (JNU 2012), University of British ColumbiaPriyanka Srivastava, (JNU 1995-2000) University of Massachusetts, AmherstUlrike Stark, The University of ChicagoTony K. Stewart, Vanderbilt UniversityAndy Stirling, University of SussexAjantha Subramanian, Harvard UniversityNarendra Subramanian, McGill UniversitySanjay Subrahmanyam, University of California, Los AngelesMeghant Sudan, Concordia University, MontrealSanjukta Sunderason, Leiden UniversityByapti Sur, Leiden UniversityDeborah Sutton, (JNU 2001), Lancaster UniversityAshwini Tambe, University of Maryland-College ParkAnand Vivek Taneja, Vanderbilt UniversityAkshaya Tankha, (JNU 2006), University of TorontoShabnum Tejani, SOAS, University of LondonKamal Kumar Tanti, University of Technology and Management, ShillongKuhu Tanvir, (JNU 2012), University of PittsburghRei Terada, University of California, IrvineShubha Tewari, University of MassachusettsSharika Thiranagama, Stanford UniversitySudipa Topdar, (JNU 2002), Illinois State UniversitySaadia Toor, College of Staten Island, City University of New YorkNishita Trisal, University of MichiganAlexios Tsigkas, New SchoolMalvika Tyagi, IIT DelhiBhargav Rani, (JNU 2014), City University of New YorkLalit Vachani, University of Göttingen.Nilita Vachani, New York UniversityAparna Vaidik, (JNU 2005), Ashoka UniversityAnand Vaidya, University of BergenAnish Vanaik, (JNU 2008), Purdue UniversityRashmi Varma, University of WarwickRamaa Vasudevan, (JNU 1986-88) Colorado State UniversityRajesh Venugopal, London School of EconomicsKartik Verma, (JNU 2008), University of UtahVertika, (JNU 2014), McGill University, MontréalRamna Walia, (JNU 2011), University of Texas at AustinGary Wang, University of TorontoTyler Walker Williams, (JNU 2007), JNUSU Vice President 2006-2007, University of ChicagoKalpana Wilson, London School of Economics and Political ScienceNicole Wolf, Goldsmiths, University of LondonNiharika Yadav, Princeton UniversityHarshita Yalamarty, (JNU 2013), York UniversitySuvaid Yaseen, (JNU 2013), Brown UniversityAkhila Yechury, (JNU 2007), University of St. AndrewsDilan Yildirim, Harvard UniversityNima Lamu Yolmo, (JNU 2011)Vazira Zamindar, Brown UniversityJohn Zavos, (JNU 1988), University of Manchester